The dataset contained data points with numerous labels which I wanted to plot. First I had to manually process the data point labels because the labels were not uniform, for example ​'Bridge (road over rail)','Bridge (rail over road)','Rail Bridge','Railway Bridge' and so on. Once I had identified all the labels I was interested in I collected them in lists and used these to create dataframes which were subsets of the main dataframe:

The dataset contains climate data, the data structure is:

I want to visualise the total hours of sunshine for the summer months (June, July, August) per year. The steps involved in preparing the data were:

1. keep only months 6, 7 and 8, so create a subset of the full dataframe
2. drop unnecessary columns - reduces computing power required 
3. group by year and sum

the code:

The data can then be plotted.

The following code uses plotly to create a heat map on a globe. The data is country GDP and the Globe generated is interactive (below is only an image so not interactive).

Sometimes when analysing natural language it is necessary to normalise the text. For example converting everything to lower case ensures that 'Inform' and 'inform' are not treated as different words. Sometimes it might also be necessary to treat 'inform' and 'informed' as the same. In those cases stemming and/or lemmatizing will be necessary. But these processes can give unexpected results.

In natural language programming a stemmer will remove affixes from a word leaving only the stem. NLTK comes with a number of in-built stemmers. Comparison of the standard stemmers:

The Porter and Snowball stemmers generate the same result the Lancaster stemmer produces very different results.
Lemmatization is simmilar to stemming except it always generates a valid word rather than a stem. For example:
classify gives classify rather than classifi
differentiate gives differentiate rather than  differenti
in the case of words like believes it gives belief whereas the Porter stemmer will give believ

We start with four sentences:

there is a dog in the garden
john enjoys watching movies
jane enjoys taking her dog for a walk
there are no dogs in this movie

Computers don't handle natural language well. One way to overcome this is to create a 'bag of words' for each sentence. This can be thought of as a list of integer values. Each value is the number of occurences of a word in the sentence.

The first step is to tokenize the sentences then to create a set from this list of tokens. We can then itterate through each word in the set and count the number of times that word occurs in each sentence. The number is appended to a list. This process generates three lists or vectors.

The ouput:

The following script will take a document and compare it to a set of documents to find the document similarities.

comparison document

• The default installation directory for Icecream Ebook Reader is Icecream Ebook Reader with weak folder permissions that grants EVERYONE modify privileges to the contents of the 

the documents

• directory and it's subfolders. This allows an attacker opportunity for their own code execution under any other user running the application."
• "An insecure file permissions vulnerability has been discovered in the official Icecream Ebook Reader v4.53 software. The vulnerability allows local attackers with system user accounts to 
• elevate the access to higher system privileges."
• "A persistent cross site scripting web vulnerability has been discovered in the official Zenario v7.6 content management system."
• "While performing network level testing of various Google applications, we discovered that the content for the application did not use SSL."

Data set used - mental health in IT, available on Kaggle

Data can be messy. The data set above for example had a 'Gender' field which contained many variations on male and female, for example: Male, male, M, m, man, F, f, Female and so on. The first thing I wanted to do was set all values to either male or female. One way to do this is with the following code:

Data is available from sources such as FRED.