The dataset contained data points with numerous labels which I wanted to plot. First I had to manually process the data point labels because the labels were not uniform, for example 'Bridge (road over rail)','Bridge (rail over road)','Rail Bridge','Railway Bridge' and so on. Once I had identified all the labels I was interested in I collected them in lists and used these to create dataframes which were subsets of the main dataframe: Code Editor
Then I plotted this data onto a blank outline map
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The dataset contains climate data, the data structure is:
I want to visualise the total hours of sunshine for the summer months (June, July, August) per year. The steps involved in preparing the data were:
The data can then be plotted. The following code uses plotly to create a heat map on a globe. The data is country GDP and the Globe generated is interactive (below is only an image so not interactive). Sometimes when analysing natural language it is necessary to normalise the text. For example converting everything to lower case ensures that 'Inform' and 'inform' are not treated as different words. Sometimes it might also be necessary to treat 'inform' and 'informed' as the same. In those cases stemming and/or lemmatizing will be necessary. But these processes can give unexpected results. In natural language programming a stemmer will remove affixes from a word leaving only the stem. NLTK comes with a number of in-built stemmers. Comparison of the standard stemmers:
The Porter and Snowball stemmers generate the same result the Lancaster stemmer produces very different results.
Lemmatization is simmilar to stemming except it always generates a valid word rather than a stem. For example: classify gives classify rather than classifi differentiate gives differentiate rather than differenti in the case of words like believes it gives belief whereas the Porter stemmer will give believ We start with four sentences: there is a dog in the garden john enjoys watching movies jane enjoys taking her dog for a walk there are no dogs in this movie Computers don't handle natural language well. One way to overcome this is to create a 'bag of words' for each sentence. This can be thought of as a list of integer values. Each value is the number of occurences of a word in the sentence. The first step is to tokenize the sentences then to create a set from this list of tokens. We can then itterate through each word in the set and count the number of times that word occurs in each sentence. The number is appended to a list. This process generates three lists or vectors. Bag of words
The ouput: [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1] the word set is: set(['a', 'dogs', 'no', 'garden', 'her', 'watching', 'this', 'movie', 'is', 'there', 'dog', 'for', 'walk', 'movies', 'are', 'in', 'jane', 'taking', 'the', 'john', 'enjoys']) so 'a' occurs once in the first sentence, 'dogs' does not occur, 'no' does not occur and so on. The bag of words approach can be used in computer vision for image recognition/classification. There are a number of packages that offer 'bag of words' functionality, the above script is not intended to replace these packages, it is just to demonstrate what is meant by 'bag of words' The following script will take a document and compare it to a set of documents to find the document similarities. comparison document
the documents
The Script
output of the script: [ 0.48266575 0. 0.01086096 0.13409612 0.17690402] So the comparison document most closely matches the first document. The least similar is the second document with a score of two. Get word frequency distributions
Get two months free premium Skillshare membership with this affiliate link: Skillshare Data set used - mental health in IT, available on Kaggle Data can be messy. The data set above for example had a 'Gender' field which contained many variations on male and female, for example: Male, male, M, m, man, F, f, Female and so on. The first thing I wanted to do was set all values to either male or female. One way to do this is with the following code: Word clouds give only limited insight but they are popular. In python the package 'wordcloud' is popular. Below is an example of how to generate a word cloud. Once again I'm using Trump's twitter account as a source of text data. |
This blog includes:Scripts mainly in Python with a few in R covering NLP, Pandas, Matplotlib and others. See the home page for links to some of the scripts. Also includes some explanations of basic data science terminology. Archives
October 2018
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